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Heraclea Lyncestis
Heraclea Lyncestis also spelled Herakleia Lynkestis ((ギリシア語:''Ἡράκλεια Λυγκηστίς''); (マケドニア語:''Хераклеа Линкестис''); (ラテン語:Heraclea Lyncestis)), was an ancient Greek city〔Fergus Millar, "Rome, the Greek World, and the East: Volume 1: The Roman Republic and the Augustan Revolution", The University of North Carolina Press, 2001, p.225: "...the king took him as confidant and sent him as an ambassador to Pompey, encamped at Heraclea Lyncestis in northern Greece."〕〔Michael Avi Yonab, Israel Shatzman (1976), ''Illustrated Encyclopaedia of the Classical World'', Jerusalem: The Jerusalem Publishing House Ltd. SNB 562 000372 Page 230〕〔H. B. Walters (editor), (1916), ''A Classical Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities, Biography, Geography and Mythology'' pp 480-481〕 in Macedon, ruled later by the Romans. Its ruins are situated 2 km south of the present-day town of Bitola, Macedonia.〔Hammond, NGL, (1972), ''A History of Macedonia, Volume I: Historical geography and prehistory'', Oxford:At the Clarendon Press, Oxford University Press, pg. 59〕 It was founded by Philip II of Macedon in the middle of the 4th century BC, after he had conquered the surrounding region and incorporated it into his kingdom of Macedon. The city was named in honor of the mythological Greek hero Heracles. The name ''Lynkestis'' originates from the name of the ancient kingdom, conquered by Philip, where the city was built.
Heraclea was a strategically important town during the Hellenistic period, as it was at the edge of Macedon's border with Epirus to the west and Paeonia to the north, until the middle of the 2nd century BC, when the Romans conquered Macedon and destroyed its political power. The Romans divided Macedonia into 4 regions and Heraclea was in the fourth region. The main Roman road in the area, Via Egnatia went through Heraclea, and Heraclea was an important stop. The prosperity of the city was maintained mainly due to this road. Objects discovered from the time of Roman rule in Heraclea are votive monuments, a portico, thermae (baths), a theatre and town walls.
In the early Christian period, Heraclea was an important Episcopal seat. Some of its bishops are mentioned in synods in Serdica and other nearby towns. From this period are the ensembles of the Small and Great (Large, Big) basilica. The Grave (Funeral) basilica with a necropolis is located east of the theatre.
==Roman period: the theatre==
The Roman emperor Hadrian built the theatre in the center of the town, on a hill, when many buildings in the Roman province of Macedonia were being restored. It began being used during the reign of Antoninus Pius. Discovered in 1931, a small bone ticket for a seat in the 14th (out of 20) row is the earliest known proof of the theatre’s existence. The theatre itself wasn’t discovered until 1968. Inside the theatre there were three animal cages and in the western part a tunnel. The theatre went out of use during the late 4th century AD, when gladiator fights in the Roman Empire were banned, due to the spread of Christianity, the formulation of the Eastern Roman Empire, and the abandonment of, what was then perceived as, pagan rituals and entertainment.
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